Soil Tensiometer Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Soil Tensiometer Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Soil Tensiometer Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Soil Tensiometer Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Soil Tensiometer Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Soil Tensiometer Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Soil Tensiometer Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Soil Tensiometer Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Soil Tensiometer Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Soil Tensiometer Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Soil Tensiometer Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Soil Tensiometer Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Soil Tensiometer Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Soil Tensiometer Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Soil Tensiometer Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Electronic Reading
4.1.3 Mechanical Reading
4.2 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Fine Soil
5.1.3 Coarse Soil
5.2 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Soil Tensiometer Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Ecomatik
7.1.1 Ecomatik Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Ecomatik Business Overview
7.1.3 Ecomatik Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Ecomatik Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Ecomatik Key News
7.2 Irrometer
7.2.1 Irrometer Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Irrometer Business Overview
7.2.3 Irrometer Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Irrometer Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Irrometer Key News
7.3 Decagon Devices
7.3.1 Decagon Devices Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Decagon Devices Business Overview
7.3.3 Decagon Devices Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Decagon Devices Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Decagon Devices Key News
7.4 Pessl Instruments GmbH
7.4.1 Pessl Instruments GmbH Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Pessl Instruments GmbH Business Overview
7.4.3 Pessl Instruments GmbH Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Pessl Instruments GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Pessl Instruments GmbH Key News
7.5 Smartrek Technologies
7.5.1 Smartrek Technologies Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Smartrek Technologies Business Overview
7.5.3 Smartrek Technologies Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Smartrek Technologies Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Smartrek Technologies Key News
7.6 Caipos GmbH
7.6.1 Caipos GmbH Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Caipos GmbH Business Overview
7.6.3 Caipos GmbH Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Caipos GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 Caipos GmbH Key News
7.7 Hortau
7.7.1 Hortau Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Hortau Business Overview
7.7.3 Hortau Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Hortau Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Hortau Key News
7.8 Spectrum Technologies
7.8.1 Spectrum Technologies Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Spectrum Technologies Business Overview
7.8.3 Spectrum Technologies Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Spectrum Technologies Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 Spectrum Technologies Key News
7.9 STEP Systems
7.9.1 STEP Systems Corporate Summary
7.9.2 STEP Systems Business Overview
7.9.3 STEP Systems Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 STEP Systems Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 STEP Systems Key News
7.10 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH
7.10.1 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Business Overview
7.10.3 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Key News
7.11 Soilmoisture Equipment
7.11.1 Soilmoisture Equipment Corporate Summary
7.11.2 Soilmoisture Equipment Soil Tensiometer Business Overview
7.11.3 Soilmoisture Equipment Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Soilmoisture Equipment Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 Soilmoisture Equipment Key News
7.12 Skye Instruments
7.12.1 Skye Instruments Corporate Summary
7.12.2 Skye Instruments Soil Tensiometer Business Overview
7.12.3 Skye Instruments Soil Tensiometer Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Skye Instruments Soil Tensiometer Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.12.5 Skye Instruments Key News
8 Global Soil Tensiometer Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Soil Tensiometer Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Soil Tensiometer Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Soil Tensiometer Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Soil Tensiometer Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Soil Tensiometer Industry Value Chain
10.2 Soil Tensiometer Upstream Market
10.3 Soil Tensiometer Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Soil Tensiometer Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Soil Tensiometer in Global Market
Table 2. Top Soil Tensiometer Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Soil Tensiometer Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Soil Tensiometer Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Soil Tensiometer Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Soil Tensiometer Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Soil Tensiometer Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Ecomatik Corporate Summary
Table 47. Ecomatik Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 48. Ecomatik Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Irrometer Corporate Summary
Table 50. Irrometer Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 51. Irrometer Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Decagon Devices Corporate Summary
Table 53. Decagon Devices Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 54. Decagon Devices Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Pessl Instruments GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 56. Pessl Instruments GmbH Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 57. Pessl Instruments GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Smartrek Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 59. Smartrek Technologies Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 60. Smartrek Technologies Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Caipos GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 62. Caipos GmbH Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 63. Caipos GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Hortau Corporate Summary
Table 65. Hortau Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 66. Hortau Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Spectrum Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 68. Spectrum Technologies Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 69. Spectrum Technologies Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. STEP Systems Corporate Summary
Table 71. STEP Systems Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 72. STEP Systems Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 74. Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 75. Pronova Analysentechnik GmbH Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Soilmoisture Equipment Corporate Summary
Table 77. Soilmoisture Equipment Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 78. Soilmoisture Equipment Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Skye Instruments Corporate Summary
Table 80. Skye Instruments Soil Tensiometer Product Offerings
Table 81. Skye Instruments Soil Tensiometer Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 82. Soil Tensiometer Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Soil Tensiometer Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 84. Global Soil Tensiometer Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Soil Tensiometer Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 86. Soil Tensiometer Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Soil Tensiometer Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Soil Tensiometer Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Soil Tensiometer Raw Materials
Table 90. Soil Tensiometer Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Soil Tensiometer Downstream
Table 92. Soil Tensiometer Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Soil Tensiometer Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Soil Tensiometer Segment by Type
Figure 2. Soil Tensiometer Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Soil Tensiometer Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Soil Tensiometer Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Soil Tensiometer Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Soil Tensiometer Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Soil Tensiometer Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Soil Tensiometer Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Soil Tensiometer Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Soil Tensiometer Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Soil Tensiometer Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Soil Tensiometer by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Soil Tensiometer Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels