Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Bi-2212 Wires
4.1.3 Bi-2223 Wires
4.2 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Metallurgy
5.1.3 Medical
5.1.4 Scientific
5.1.5 Aerospace
5.1.6 Chemical
5.1.7 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Bruker
7.1.1 Bruker Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Bruker Business Overview
7.1.3 Bruker Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Bruker Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Bruker Key News
7.2 Sumitomo Electric Industries
7.2.1 Sumitomo Electric Industries Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Sumitomo Electric Industries Business Overview
7.2.3 Sumitomo Electric Industries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Sumitomo Electric Industries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Sumitomo Electric Industries Key News
7.3 Fujikura Ltd.
7.3.1 Fujikura Ltd. Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Fujikura Ltd. Business Overview
7.3.3 Fujikura Ltd. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Fujikura Ltd. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Fujikura Ltd. Key News
7.4 American Superconductor
7.4.1 American Superconductor Corporate Summary
7.4.2 American Superconductor Business Overview
7.4.3 American Superconductor Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 American Superconductor Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 American Superconductor Key News
8 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Industry Value Chain
10.2 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Upstream Market
10.3 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor in Global Market
Table 2. Top Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 46. Bruker Corporate Summary
Table 47. Bruker Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Offerings
Table 48. Bruker Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Sumitomo Electric Industries Corporate Summary
Table 50. Sumitomo Electric Industries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Offerings
Table 51. Sumitomo Electric Industries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Fujikura Ltd. Corporate Summary
Table 53. Fujikura Ltd. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Offerings
Table 54. Fujikura Ltd. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. American Superconductor Corporate Summary
Table 56. American Superconductor Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Product Offerings
Table 57. American Superconductor Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Tons)
Table 59. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 60. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Tons)
Table 61. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Tons)
Table 62. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Raw Materials
Table 66. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Downstream
Table 68. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Segment by Type
Figure 2. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Production Capacity (Tons), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Bismuth-Based High-Temperature Superconductor Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels