CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market

List of Tables
Table 1. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Rigid CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Flexible CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell
Table 4. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2017 VS 2021 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028 (MW)
Table 6. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production by Region (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 7. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 8. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production by Region (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 9. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 10. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 12. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 13. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 14. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 15. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 17. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 19. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Capacity by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 20. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 21. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 22. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 23. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 25. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Price by Manufacturers 2017-2022 (USD/W)
Table 26. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 27. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell as of 2021)
Table 28. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 29. Manufacturers CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Offered
Table 30. Date of Manufacturers Enter into CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market
Table 31. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 32. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 33. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 34. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 35. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Type (2023-2028)
Table 36. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 39. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Type (2023-2028)
Table 40. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/W)
Table 41. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/W)
Table 42. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 43. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 44. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 45. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Application (2023-2028)
Table 46. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 49. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Application (2023-2028)
Table 50. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/W)
Table 51. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/W)
Table 52. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 53. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 54. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 57. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 58. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 61. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 62. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 63. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 65. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 66. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 68. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 69. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 70. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 73. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 74. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 77. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 78. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 79. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 81. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 82. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 83. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 84. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 85. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 86. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 89. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 90. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 93. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 94. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 97. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 98. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 101. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 102. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 105. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 106. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MW)
Table 109. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (MW)
Table 110. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 112. First Solar Corporation Information
Table 113. First Solar Description and Major Businesses
Table 114. First Solar CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales (MW), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/W) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 115. First Solar CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. First Solar Recent Development
Table 117. Calyxo Corporation Information
Table 118. Calyxo Description and Major Businesses
Table 119. Calyxo CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales (MW), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/W) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 120. Calyxo CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Calyxo Recent Development
Table 122. Antec Solar Energy AG Corporation Information
Table 123. Antec Solar Energy AG Description and Major Businesses
Table 124. Antec Solar Energy AG CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales (MW), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/W) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 125. Antec Solar Energy AG CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Antec Solar Energy AG Recent Development
Table 127. Lucintech Corporation Information
Table 128. Lucintech Description and Major Businesses
Table 129. Lucintech CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales (MW), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/W) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 130. Lucintech CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Lucintech Recent Development
Table 132. ASP Corporation Information
Table 133. ASP Description and Major Businesses
Table 134. ASP CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales (MW), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/W) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 135. ASP CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. ASP Recent Development
Table 137. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 138. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 139. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Distributors List
Table 140. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Customers List
Table 141. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Trends
Table 142. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Drivers
Table 143. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Challenges
Table 144. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Restraints
Table 145. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 146. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 147. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Picture
Figure 2. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Share by Type in 2021 & 2028
Figure 3. Rigid CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Picture
Figure 4. Flexible CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Product Picture
Figure 5. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Share by Application in 2021 & 2028
Figure 6. Residential Application
Figure 7. Commercial Application
Figure 8. Utility Application
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Capacity, Production and Utilization (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 12. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2021 Versus 2028
Figure 13. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 14. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Figure 15. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Growth Rate in North America (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 16. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Growth Rate in Europe (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 17. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Growth Rate in China (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 18. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Growth Rate in Japan (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 19. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales 2017-2028 (MW)
Figure 20. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 21. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2021 Versus 2028
Figure 23. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 24. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Figure 25. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales YoY (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 26. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales YoY (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 28. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Asia-Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales YoY (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 30. Asia-Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales YoY (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 32. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Middle East & Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales YoY (2017-2028) & (MW)
Figure 34. Middle East & Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. The CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2021
Figure 36. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell in the World: Market Share by CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue in 2021
Figure 37. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
Figure 38. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 39. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 40. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 41. Global CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 42. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 43. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 46. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. North America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 48. U.S. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Canada CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 51. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 52. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Europe CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 56. Germany CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. France CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. U.K. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Italy CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Russia CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 62. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 63. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 64. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 65. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Asia Pacific CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 67. China CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Japan CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. South Korea CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. India CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Australia CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Taiwan CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Indonesia CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. Thailand CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Malaysia CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Philippines CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 78. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 79. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 80. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 81. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 82. Latin America CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 83. Mexico CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Brazil CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 85. Argentina CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 89. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 90. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Sales Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 91. Middle East and Africa CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 92. Turkey CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. Saudi Arabia CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 94. U.A.E CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 95. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Value Chain
Figure 96. CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell Production Process
Figure 97. Channels of Distribution
Figure 98. Distributors Profiles
Figure 99. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 100. Data Triangulation
Figure 101. Key Executives Interviewed