Isolating Spark Gaps and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Isolating Spark Gaps Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Isolating Spark Gaps Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Isolating Spark Gaps Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Isolating Spark Gaps Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Isolating Spark Gaps Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Isolating Spark Gaps Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Isolating Spark Gaps Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Isolating Spark Gaps Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 DC Breakdown Voltage < 1 kV
4.1.3 DC Breakdown Voltage: 1 ~ 10 kV
4.1.4 DC Breakdown Voltage: 11 ~ 30 kV
4.1.5 DC Breakdown Voltage: 31 ~ 50 kV
4.1.6 DC Breakdown Voltage > 50 kV
4.2 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Residential Lightning Protection
5.1.3 Railway
5.1.4 Oil & Gas
5.1.5 Telecommunication
5.1.6 Military
5.1.7 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 DEHN
7.1.1 DEHN Corporate Summary
7.1.2 DEHN Business Overview
7.1.3 DEHN Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 DEHN Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 DEHN Key News
7.2 Excelitas Technologies
7.2.1 Excelitas Technologies Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Excelitas Technologies Business Overview
7.2.3 Excelitas Technologies Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Excelitas Technologies Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Excelitas Technologies Key News
7.3 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas
7.3.1 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Business Overview
7.3.3 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Key News
7.4 Cirprotec
7.4.1 Cirprotec Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Cirprotec Business Overview
7.4.3 Cirprotec Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Cirprotec Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Cirprotec Key News
7.5 CITEL
7.5.1 CITEL Corporate Summary
7.5.2 CITEL Business Overview
7.5.3 CITEL Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 CITEL Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 CITEL Key News
7.6 Teledyne
7.6.1 Teledyne Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Teledyne Business Overview
7.6.3 Teledyne Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Teledyne Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 Teledyne Key News
7.7 INGESCO
7.7.1 INGESCO Corporate Summary
7.7.2 INGESCO Business Overview
7.7.3 INGESCO Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 INGESCO Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 INGESCO Key News
7.8 Leutron GmbH
7.8.1 Leutron GmbH Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Leutron GmbH Business Overview
7.8.3 Leutron GmbH Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Leutron GmbH Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 Leutron GmbH Key News
7.9 High Energy Devices
7.9.1 High Energy Devices Corporate Summary
7.9.2 High Energy Devices Business Overview
7.9.3 High Energy Devices Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 High Energy Devices Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 High Energy Devices Key News
7.10 PHOENIX CONTACT
7.10.1 PHOENIX CONTACT Corporate Summary
7.10.2 PHOENIX CONTACT Business Overview
7.10.3 PHOENIX CONTACT Isolating Spark Gaps Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 PHOENIX CONTACT Isolating Spark Gaps Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 PHOENIX CONTACT Key News
8 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Isolating Spark Gaps Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Isolating Spark Gaps Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Isolating Spark Gaps Industry Value Chain
10.2 Isolating Spark Gaps Upstream Market
10.3 Isolating Spark Gaps Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Isolating Spark Gaps Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Isolating Spark Gaps in Global Market
Table 2. Top Isolating Spark Gaps Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Isolating Spark Gaps Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Isolating Spark Gaps Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Isolating Spark Gaps Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Isolating Spark Gaps Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. DEHN Corporate Summary
Table 47. DEHN Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 48. DEHN Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Excelitas Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 50. Excelitas Technologies Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 51. Excelitas Technologies Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Corporate Summary
Table 53. Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 54. Aplicaciones Tecnol?gicas Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Cirprotec Corporate Summary
Table 56. Cirprotec Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 57. Cirprotec Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. CITEL Corporate Summary
Table 59. CITEL Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 60. CITEL Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Teledyne Corporate Summary
Table 62. Teledyne Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 63. Teledyne Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. INGESCO Corporate Summary
Table 65. INGESCO Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 66. INGESCO Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Leutron GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 68. Leutron GmbH Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 69. Leutron GmbH Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. High Energy Devices Corporate Summary
Table 71. High Energy Devices Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 72. High Energy Devices Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. PHOENIX CONTACT Corporate Summary
Table 74. PHOENIX CONTACT Isolating Spark Gaps Product Offerings
Table 75. PHOENIX CONTACT Isolating Spark Gaps Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Isolating Spark Gaps Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 77. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 78. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 79. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 80. Isolating Spark Gaps Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 81. Isolating Spark Gaps Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 82. Isolating Spark Gaps Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 83. Isolating Spark Gaps Raw Materials
Table 84. Isolating Spark Gaps Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 85. Typical Isolating Spark Gaps Downstream
Table 86. Isolating Spark Gaps Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 87. Isolating Spark Gaps Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Isolating Spark Gaps Segment by Type
Figure 2. Isolating Spark Gaps Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Isolating Spark Gaps Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Isolating Spark Gaps Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Isolating Spark Gaps Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Isolating Spark Gaps Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Isolating Spark Gaps by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Isolating Spark Gaps Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels
