High-end Instant Noodles and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 High-end Instant Noodles Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global High-end Instant Noodles Overall Market Size
2.1 Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top High-end Instant Noodles Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global High-end Instant Noodles Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales by Companies
3.5 Global High-end Instant Noodles Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 High-end Instant Noodles Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers High-end Instant Noodles Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 High-end Instant Noodles Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 High-end Instant Noodles Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 High-end Instant Noodles Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Organic Bread
4.1.3 Multi-seasoning Package
4.1.4 Others
4.2 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Hypermarkets and supermarkets
5.1.3 Convenience stores
5.1.4 Food and drink specialty stores
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE High-end Instant Noodles Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD.
7.1.1 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. Company Summary
7.1.2 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. Business Overview
7.1.3 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Indofood group
7.2.1 Indofood group Company Summary
7.2.2 Indofood group Business Overview
7.2.3 Indofood group High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Indofood group High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Indofood group Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Jinmailang Nissin Food
7.3.1 Jinmailang Nissin Food Company Summary
7.3.2 Jinmailang Nissin Food Business Overview
7.3.3 Jinmailang Nissin Food High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Jinmailang Nissin Food High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Jinmailang Nissin Food Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Baixiangfood
7.4.1 Baixiangfood Company Summary
7.4.2 Baixiangfood Business Overview
7.4.3 Baixiangfood High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Baixiangfood High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Baixiangfood Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Nanjiecun
7.5.1 Nanjiecun Company Summary
7.5.2 Nanjiecun Business Overview
7.5.3 Nanjiecun High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Nanjiecun High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Nanjiecun Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Zhengzhou TianFang
7.6.1 Zhengzhou TianFang Company Summary
7.6.2 Zhengzhou TianFang Business Overview
7.6.3 Zhengzhou TianFang High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Zhengzhou TianFang High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Zhengzhou TianFang Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Nissin Food Products
7.7.1 Nissin Food Products Company Summary
7.7.2 Nissin Food Products Business Overview
7.7.3 Nissin Food Products High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Nissin Food Products High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Nissin Food Products Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Nongshim
7.8.1 Nongshim Company Summary
7.8.2 Nongshim Business Overview
7.8.3 Nongshim High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Nongshim High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Nongshim Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation
7.9.1 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation Company Summary
7.9.2 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation Business Overview
7.9.3 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation High-end Instant Noodles Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation High-end Instant Noodles Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 South Korea SAMYANG Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global High-end Instant Noodles Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global High-end Instant Noodles Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 High-end Instant Noodles Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global High-end Instant Noodles Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 High-end Instant Noodles Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 High-end Instant Noodles Industry Value Chain
10.2 High-end Instant Noodles Upstream Market
10.3 High-end Instant Noodles Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 High-end Instant Noodles Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of High-end Instant Noodles in Global Market
Table 2. Top High-end Instant Noodles Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers High-end Instant Noodles Price (2018-2023) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers High-end Instant Noodles Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 High-end Instant Noodles Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 High-end Instant Noodles Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Sales, (K Units), 2024-2032
Table 46. Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. Company Summary
Table 47. Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 48. Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Uni-President Global Holdings LTD. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Indofood group Company Summary
Table 51. Indofood group High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 52. Indofood group High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Indofood group Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Jinmailang Nissin Food Company Summary
Table 55. Jinmailang Nissin Food High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 56. Jinmailang Nissin Food High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Jinmailang Nissin Food Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Baixiangfood Company Summary
Table 59. Baixiangfood High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 60. Baixiangfood High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Baixiangfood Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Nanjiecun Company Summary
Table 63. Nanjiecun High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 64. Nanjiecun High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Nanjiecun Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Zhengzhou TianFang Company Summary
Table 67. Zhengzhou TianFang High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 68. Zhengzhou TianFang High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Zhengzhou TianFang Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Nissin Food Products Company Summary
Table 71. Nissin Food Products High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 72. Nissin Food Products High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Nissin Food Products Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Nongshim Company Summary
Table 75. Nongshim High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 76. Nongshim High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Nongshim Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. South Korea SAMYANG Corporation Company Summary
Table 79. South Korea SAMYANG Corporation High-end Instant Noodles Product Offerings
Table 80. South Korea SAMYANG Corporation High-end Instant Noodles Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. South Korea SAMYANG Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. High-end Instant Noodles Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 83. Global High-end Instant Noodles Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 84. Global High-end Instant Noodles Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 85. Global High-end Instant Noodles Production by Region, 2024-2032 (K Units)
Table 86. High-end Instant Noodles Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. High-end Instant Noodles Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. High-end Instant Noodles Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. High-end Instant Noodles Raw Materials
Table 90. High-end Instant Noodles Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical High-end Instant Noodles Downstream
Table 92. High-end Instant Noodles Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. High-end Instant Noodles Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. High-end Instant Noodles Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. High-end Instant Noodles Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global High-end Instant Noodles Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. High-end Instant Noodles Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by High-end Instant Noodles Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global High-end Instant Noodles Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global High-end Instant Noodles Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa High-end Instant Noodles Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE High-end Instant Noodles Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global High-end Instant Noodles Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production High-end Instant Noodles by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. High-end Instant Noodles Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels