Refined Beet Market
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Refined Beet Product Introduction
1.2 Global Refined Beet Outlook 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.2.1 Global Refined Beet Sales in US$ Million for the Year 2017-2028
1.2.2 Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume for the Year 2017-2028
1.3 United States Refined Beet Outlook 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.3.1 United States Refined Beet Sales in US$ Million for the Year 2017-2028
1.3.2 United States Refined Beet Sales in Volume for the Year 2017-2028
1.4 Refined Beet Market Size, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.4.1 The Market Share of United States Refined Beet in Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.4.2 The Growth Rate of Refined Beet Market Size, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.5 Refined Beet Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Refined Beet Industry Trends
1.5.2 Refined Beet Market Drivers
1.5.3 Refined Beet Market Challenges
1.5.4 Refined Beet Market Restraints
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Market by Type
2.1 Refined Beet Market Segment by Type
2.1.1 Liquid Sugar
2.1.2 Powdered Sugar
2.1.3 Granulated Sugar
2.1.4 Pulp Refined Beet
2.1.5 Others
2.2 Global Refined Beet Market Size by Type
2.2.1 Global Refined Beet Sales in Value, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.2.2 Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.2.3 Global Refined Beet Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3 United States Refined Beet Market Size by Type
2.3.1 United States Refined Beet Sales in Value, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3.2 United States Refined Beet Sales in Volume, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3.3 United States Refined Beet Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3 Market by Application
3.1 Refined Beet Market Segment by Application
3.1.1 Food Processors
3.1.2 Livestock Feed
3.1.3 Retailers
3.1.4 Industrial Uses
3.1.5 Others
3.2 Global Refined Beet Market Size by Application
3.2.1 Global Refined Beet Sales in Value, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.2.2 Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.3 Global Refined Beet Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3 United States Refined Beet Market Size by Application
3.3.1 United States Refined Beet Sales in Value, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.2 United States Refined Beet Sales in Volume, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.3 United States Refined Beet Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
4 Global Refined Beet Competitor Landscape by Company
4.1 Global Refined Beet Market Size by Company
4.1.1 Top Global Refined Beet Manufacturers Ranked by Revenue (2021)
4.1.2 Global Refined Beet Revenue by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.1.3 Global Refined Beet Sales by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.1.4 Global Refined Beet Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Refined Beet Concentration Ratio (CR)
4.2.1 Refined Beet Market Concentration Ratio (CR) (2017-2022)
4.2.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Manufacturers of Refined Beet in 2021
4.2.3 Global Refined Beet Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.3 Global Refined Beet Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Type
4.3.1 Global Refined Beet Manufacturers, Headquarters and Distribution of Producing Region
4.3.2 Manufacturers Refined Beet Product Type
4.3.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Refined Beet Market
4.4 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4.5 United States Refined Beet Market Size by Company
4.5.1 Top Refined Beet Players in United States, Ranked by Revenue (2021)
4.5.2 United States Refined Beet Revenue by Players (2020, 2021 & 2022)
4.5.3 United States Refined Beet Sales by Players (2020, 2021 & 2022)
5 Global Refined Beet Market Size by Region
5.1 Global Refined Beet Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
5.2 Global Refined Beet Market Size in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
5.2.1 Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Region: 2017-2022
5.2.2 Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
5.3 Global Refined Beet Market Size in Value by Region (2017-2028)
5.3.1 Global Refined Beet Sales in Value by Region: 2017-2022
5.3.2 Global Refined Beet Sales in Value by Region: 2023-2028
6 Segment in Region Level & Country Level
6.1 North America
6.1.1 North America Refined Beet Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.1.2 North America Refined Beet Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.1.3 U.S.
6.1.4 Canada
6.2 Asia-Pacific
6.2.1 Asia-Pacific Refined Beet Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.2.2 Asia-Pacific Refined Beet Market Facts & Figures by Region (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.2.3 China
6.2.4 Japan
6.2.5 South Korea
6.2.6 India
6.2.7 Australia
6.2.8 Taiwan
6.2.9 Indonesia
6.2.10 Thailand
6.2.11 Malaysia
6.2.12 Philippines
6.3 Europe
6.3.1 Europe Refined Beet Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.3.2 Europe Refined Beet Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.3.3 Germany
6.3.4 France
6.3.5 U.K.
6.3.6 Italy
6.3.7 Russia
6.4 Latin America
6.4.1 Latin America Refined Beet Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.4.2 Latin America Refined Beet Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.4.3 Mexico
6.4.4 Brazil
6.4.5 Argentina
6.5 Middle East and Africa
6.5.1 Middle East and Africa Refined Beet Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.5.2 Middle East and Africa Refined Beet Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.5.3 Turkey
6.5.4 Saudi Arabia
6.5.5 UAE
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Shree Renuka Sugars
7.1.1 Shree Renuka Sugars Corporation Information
7.1.2 Shree Renuka Sugars Description and Business Overview
7.1.3 Shree Renuka Sugars Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.1.4 Shree Renuka Sugars Refined Beet Products Offered
7.1.5 Shree Renuka Sugars Recent Development
7.2 Wilmar International
7.2.1 Wilmar International Corporation Information
7.2.2 Wilmar International Description and Business Overview
7.2.3 Wilmar International Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.2.4 Wilmar International Refined Beet Products Offered
7.2.5 Wilmar International Recent Development
7.3 Suedzucker
7.3.1 Suedzucker Corporation Information
7.3.2 Suedzucker Description and Business Overview
7.3.3 Suedzucker Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.3.4 Suedzucker Refined Beet Products Offered
7.3.5 Suedzucker Recent Development
7.4 Tereos SA
7.4.1 Tereos SA Corporation Information
7.4.2 Tereos SA Description and Business Overview
7.4.3 Tereos SA Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.4 Tereos SA Refined Beet Products Offered
7.4.5 Tereos SA Recent Development
7.5 Associated British Foods
7.5.1 Associated British Foods Corporation Information
7.5.2 Associated British Foods Description and Business Overview
7.5.3 Associated British Foods Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.4 Associated British Foods Refined Beet Products Offered
7.5.5 Associated British Foods Recent Development
7.6 Nordzucker AG
7.6.1 Nordzucker AG Corporation Information
7.6.2 Nordzucker AG Description and Business Overview
7.6.3 Nordzucker AG Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.4 Nordzucker AG Refined Beet Products Offered
7.6.5 Nordzucker AG Recent Development
7.7 American Crystal Sugar
7.7.1 American Crystal Sugar Corporation Information
7.7.2 American Crystal Sugar Description and Business Overview
7.7.3 American Crystal Sugar Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.4 American Crystal Sugar Refined Beet Products Offered
7.7.5 American Crystal Sugar Recent Development
7.8 Louis Dreyfus
7.8.1 Louis Dreyfus Corporation Information
7.8.2 Louis Dreyfus Description and Business Overview
7.8.3 Louis Dreyfus Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.4 Louis Dreyfus Refined Beet Products Offered
7.8.5 Louis Dreyfus Recent Development
7.9 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing
7.9.1 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Corporation Information
7.9.2 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Description and Business Overview
7.9.3 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Refined Beet Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.4 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Refined Beet Products Offered
7.9.5 Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Recent Development
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Refined Beet Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Refined Beet Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Refined Beet Distributors
8.3 Refined Beet Production Mode & Process
8.4 Refined Beet Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Refined Beet Sales Channels
8.4.2 Refined Beet Distributors
8.5 Refined Beet Customers
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.2 Data Source
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Refined Beet CAGR in Value, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Table 2. Refined Beet Market Trends
Table 3. Refined Beet Market Drivers
Table 4. Refined Beet Market Challenges
Table 5. Refined Beet Market Restraints
Table 6. Global Refined Beet Sales by Type: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 7. United States Refined Beet Sales by Type: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Refined Beet Sales by Application: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 9. United States Refined Beet Sales by Application: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 10. Top Refined Beet Manufacturers in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 11. Global Refined Beet Revenue by Manufacturer, (US$ Million), 2017-2022
Table 12. Global Refined Beet Revenue Share by Manufacturer, 2017-2022
Table 13. Global Refined Beet Sales by Manufacturer, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 14. Global Refined Beet Sales Share by Manufacturer, 2017-2022
Table 15. Global Refined Beet Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 16. Global Refined Beet Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 17. Global Refined Beet by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Refined Beet as of 2021)
Table 18. Top Players of Refined Beet in Global Market, Headquarters and Distribution of Producing Region
Table 19. Manufacturers Refined Beet Product Type
Table 20. Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Refined Beet Market
Table 21. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 22. Top Refined Beet Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 23. United States Refined Beet Revenue by Players, (US$ Million), 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 24. United States Refined Beet Revenue Share by Players, 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 25. United States Refined Beet Sales by Players, (K MT), 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 26. United States Refined Beet Sales Share by Players, 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 27. Global Refined Beet Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Table 28. Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 29. Global Refined Beet Sales in Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 30. Global Refined Beet Sales in Value by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Global Refined Beet Sales in Value Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. North America Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Table 33. North America Refined Beet Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Asia Pacific Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Table 35. Asia Pacific Refined Beet Sales in Value by Region (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Table 37. Europe Refined Beet Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Latin America Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Table 39. Latin Americaa Refined Beet Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Middle East and Africa Refined Beet Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Table 41. Middle East and Africa Refined Beet Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Shree Renuka Sugars Corporation Information
Table 43. Shree Renuka Sugars Description and Business Overview
Table 44. Shree Renuka Sugars Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 45. Shree Renuka Sugars Refined Beet Product
Table 46. Shree Renuka Sugars Recent Development
Table 47. Wilmar International Corporation Information
Table 48. Wilmar International Description and Business Overview
Table 49. Wilmar International Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 50. Wilmar International Product
Table 51. Wilmar International Recent Development
Table 52. Suedzucker Corporation Information
Table 53. Suedzucker Description and Business Overview
Table 54. Suedzucker Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 55. Suedzucker Product
Table 56. Suedzucker Recent Development
Table 57. Tereos SA Corporation Information
Table 58. Tereos SA Description and Business Overview
Table 59. Tereos SA Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 60. Tereos SA Product
Table 61. Tereos SA Recent Development
Table 62. Associated British Foods Corporation Information
Table 63. Associated British Foods Description and Business Overview
Table 64. Associated British Foods Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 65. Associated British Foods Product
Table 66. Associated British Foods Recent Development
Table 67. Nordzucker AG Corporation Information
Table 68. Nordzucker AG Description and Business Overview
Table 69. Nordzucker AG Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 70. Nordzucker AG Product
Table 71. Nordzucker AG Recent Development
Table 72. American Crystal Sugar Corporation Information
Table 73. American Crystal Sugar Description and Business Overview
Table 74. American Crystal Sugar Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 75. American Crystal Sugar Product
Table 76. American Crystal Sugar Recent Development
Table 77. Louis Dreyfus Corporation Information
Table 78. Louis Dreyfus Description and Business Overview
Table 79. Louis Dreyfus Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 80. Louis Dreyfus Product
Table 81. Louis Dreyfus Recent Development
Table 82. Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Corporation Information
Table 83. Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Description and Business Overview
Table 84. Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Refined Beet Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 85. Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Product
Table 86. Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Recent Development
Table 87. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 88. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 89. Refined Beet Customers List
Table 90. Refined Beet Distributors List
Table 91. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 92. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 93. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Refined Beet Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Refined Beet Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Figure 3. Global Refined Beet Market Size 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 4. Global Refined Beet Sales 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 5. United States Refined Beet Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Figure 6. United States Refined Beet Market Size 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. United States Refined Beet Sales 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. United States Refined Beet Market Share in Global, in Value (US$ Million) 2017-2028
Figure 9. United States Refined Beet Market Share in Global, in Volume (K MT) 2017-2028
Figure 10. Refined Beet Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Product Picture of Liquid Sugar
Figure 12. Product Picture of Powdered Sugar
Figure 13. Product Picture of Granulated Sugar
Figure 14. Product Picture of Pulp Refined Beet
Figure 15. Product Picture of Others
Figure 16. Global Refined Beet Market Share by Type in 2022 & 2028
Figure 17. Global Refined Beet Sales in Value by Type (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 18. Global Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 19. Global Refined Beet Sales by Type (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 20. Global Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 21. Global Refined Beet Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 22. United States Refined Beet Market Share by Type in 2022 & 2028
Figure 23. United States Refined Beet Sales in Value by Type (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. United States Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 25. United States Refined Beet Sales by Type (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 26. United States Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 27. United States Refined Beet Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 28. Product Picture of Food Processors
Figure 29. Product Picture of Livestock Feed
Figure 30. Product Picture of Retailers
Figure 31. Product Picture of Industrial Uses
Figure 32. Product Picture of Others
Figure 33. Global Refined Beet Market Share by Application in 2022 & 2028
Figure 34. Global Refined Beet Sales in Value by Application (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Global Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 36. Global Refined Beet Sales by Application (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 37. Global Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 38. Global Refined Beet Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 39. United States Refined Beet Market Share by Application in 2022 & 2028
Figure 40. United States Refined Beet Sales in Value by Application (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. United States Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 42. United States Refined Beet Sales by Application (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 43. United States Refined Beet Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 44. United States Refined Beet Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 45. North America Refined Beet Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 46. North America Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 47. U.S. Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Canada Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe Refined Beet Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 50. Europe Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Germany Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. France Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. U.K. Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Italy Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Russia Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Refined Beet Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 58. China Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Japan Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. South Korea Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. India Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Australia Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Taiwan Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 64. Indonesia Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. Thailand Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. Malaysia Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Philippines Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Latin America Refined Beet Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 69. Latin America Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 70. Mexico Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Brazil Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Argentina Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Middle East & Africa Refined Beet Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 74. Middle East & Africa Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Turkey Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Saudi Arabia Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. UAE Refined Beet Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Refined Beet Value Chain
Figure 79. Refined Beet Production Process
Figure 80. Channels of Distribution
Figure 81. Distributors Profiles
Figure 82. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 83. Data Triangulation
Figure 84. Key Executives Interviewed