Wine-Making Yeast and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Wine-Making Yeast Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Wine-Making Yeast Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Wine-Making Yeast Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Wine-Making Yeast Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Wine-Making Yeast Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Wine-Making Yeast Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Wine-Making Yeast Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Wine-Making Yeast Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Wine-Making Yeast Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Wine-Making Yeast Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Yeast Extract
4.1.3 Autolyzed Yeast
4.2 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Wine
5.1.3 Bear
5.1.4 White Wine
5.2 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE Wine-Making Yeast Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Associated British Foods(U.K.)
7.1.1 Associated British Foods(U.K.) Company Summary
7.1.2 Associated British Foods(U.K.) Business Overview
7.1.3 Associated British Foods(U.K.) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Associated British Foods(U.K.) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Associated British Foods(U.K.) Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Angel Yeast(China)
7.2.1 Angel Yeast(China) Company Summary
7.2.2 Angel Yeast(China) Business Overview
7.2.3 Angel Yeast(China) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Angel Yeast(China) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Angel Yeast(China) Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Lesaffre Group(France)
7.3.1 Lesaffre Group(France) Company Summary
7.3.2 Lesaffre Group(France) Business Overview
7.3.3 Lesaffre Group(France) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Lesaffre Group(France) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Lesaffre Group(France) Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark)
7.4.1 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Company Summary
7.4.2 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Business Overview
7.4.3 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands)
7.5.1 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Company Summary
7.5.2 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Business Overview
7.5.3 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Lallemand Inc(Canada)
7.6.1 Lallemand Inc(Canada) Company Summary
7.6.2 Lallemand Inc(Canada) Business Overview
7.6.3 Lallemand Inc(Canada) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Lallemand Inc(Canada) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Lallemand Inc(Canada) Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Leiber GmbH(Germany)
7.7.1 Leiber GmbH(Germany) Company Summary
7.7.2 Leiber GmbH(Germany) Business Overview
7.7.3 Leiber GmbH(Germany) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Leiber GmbH(Germany) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Leiber GmbH(Germany) Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Oriental Yeast(Japan)
7.8.1 Oriental Yeast(Japan) Company Summary
7.8.2 Oriental Yeast(Japan) Business Overview
7.8.3 Oriental Yeast(Japan) Wine-Making Yeast Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Oriental Yeast(Japan) Wine-Making Yeast Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Oriental Yeast(Japan) Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Wine-Making Yeast Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Wine-Making Yeast Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 Wine-Making Yeast Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Wine-Making Yeast Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Wine-Making Yeast Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Wine-Making Yeast Industry Value Chain
10.2 Wine-Making Yeast Upstream Market
10.3 Wine-Making Yeast Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Wine-Making Yeast Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Wine-Making Yeast in Global Market
Table 2. Top Wine-Making Yeast Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales by Companies, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Wine-Making Yeast Price (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Wine-Making Yeast Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Wine-Making Yeast Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Wine-Making Yeast Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Sales, (MT), 2024-2032
Table 46. Associated British Foods(U.K.) Company Summary
Table 47. Associated British Foods(U.K.) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 48. Associated British Foods(U.K.) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Associated British Foods(U.K.) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Angel Yeast(China) Company Summary
Table 51. Angel Yeast(China) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 52. Angel Yeast(China) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Angel Yeast(China) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Lesaffre Group(France) Company Summary
Table 55. Lesaffre Group(France) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 56. Lesaffre Group(France) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Lesaffre Group(France) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Company Summary
Table 59. Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 60. Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Chr. Hansen Holding A/S(Denmark) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Company Summary
Table 63. Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 64. Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Koninklijke DSM N.V.(Netherlands) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Lallemand Inc(Canada) Company Summary
Table 67. Lallemand Inc(Canada) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 68. Lallemand Inc(Canada) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Lallemand Inc(Canada) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Leiber GmbH(Germany) Company Summary
Table 71. Leiber GmbH(Germany) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 72. Leiber GmbH(Germany) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Leiber GmbH(Germany) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Oriental Yeast(Japan) Company Summary
Table 75. Oriental Yeast(Japan) Wine-Making Yeast Product Offerings
Table 76. Oriental Yeast(Japan) Wine-Making Yeast Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Oriental Yeast(Japan) Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Wine-Making Yeast Production Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (MT)
Table 79. Global Wine-Making Yeast Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 80. Global Wine-Making Yeast Production by Region, 2018-2023 (MT)
Table 81. Global Wine-Making Yeast Production by Region, 2024-2032 (MT)
Table 82. Wine-Making Yeast Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 83. Wine-Making Yeast Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 84. Wine-Making Yeast Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 85. Wine-Making Yeast Raw Materials
Table 86. Wine-Making Yeast Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 87. Typical Wine-Making Yeast Downstream
Table 88. Wine-Making Yeast Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 89. Wine-Making Yeast Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Wine-Making Yeast Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Wine-Making Yeast Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Wine-Making Yeast Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Wine-Making Yeast Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Wine-Making Yeast Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global Wine-Making Yeast Price (USD/MT), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global Wine-Making Yeast Price (USD/MT), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Wine-Making Yeast Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE Wine-Making Yeast Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global Wine-Making Yeast Production Capacity (MT), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Wine-Making Yeast by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. Wine-Making Yeast Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels