Female Infertility Drugs and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Female Infertility Drugs Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Female Infertility Drugs Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Size: 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2030
2.3 Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales: 2019-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Female Infertility Drugs Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Female Infertility Drugs Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Female Infertility Drugs Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Female Infertility Drugs Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2023
3.7 Global Manufacturers Female Infertility Drugs Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Female Infertility Drugs Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Female Infertility Drugs Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Female Infertility Drugs Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Size Markets, 2023 & 2030
4.1.2 Parenteral
4.1.3 Oral
4.1.4 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2025-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2024
4.3.2 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2025-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2023 & 2030
5.1.2 Clinic
5.1.3 Hospitals
5.2 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2025-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2024
5.3.2 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2025-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2023 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2025-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2024
6.3.2 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2025-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2030
6.4.3 US Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.4 Canada Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2030
6.5.3 Germany Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.4 France Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.6 Italy Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.7 Russia Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2030
6.6.3 China Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.4 Japan Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.7 India Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Sales, 2019-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.4 Israel Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.6 UAE Female Infertility Drugs Market Size, 2019-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Allergan Plc
7.1.1 Allergan Plc Company Summary
7.1.2 Allergan Plc Business Overview
7.1.3 Allergan Plc Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Allergan Plc Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.1.5 Allergan Plc Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Ferring BV
7.2.1 Ferring BV Company Summary
7.2.2 Ferring BV Business Overview
7.2.3 Ferring BV Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Ferring BV Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.2.5 Ferring BV Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Merck KGaA
7.3.1 Merck KGaA Company Summary
7.3.2 Merck KGaA Business Overview
7.3.3 Merck KGaA Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Merck KGaA Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.3.5 Merck KGaA Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Novartis AG
7.4.1 Novartis AG Company Summary
7.4.2 Novartis AG Business Overview
7.4.3 Novartis AG Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Novartis AG Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Novartis AG Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Sanofi
7.5.1 Sanofi Company Summary
7.5.2 Sanofi Business Overview
7.5.3 Sanofi Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Sanofi Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Sanofi Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Bayer AG
7.6.1 Bayer AG Company Summary
7.6.2 Bayer AG Business Overview
7.6.3 Bayer AG Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Bayer AG Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Bayer AG Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Pfizer Inc.
7.7.1 Pfizer Inc. Company Summary
7.7.2 Pfizer Inc. Business Overview
7.7.3 Pfizer Inc. Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Pfizer Inc. Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.7.5 Pfizer Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Abbott
7.8.1 Abbott Company Summary
7.8.2 Abbott Business Overview
7.8.3 Abbott Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Abbott Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.8.5 Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
7.9.1 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Company Summary
7.9.2 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Business Overview
7.9.3 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.9.5 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Livzon
7.10.1 Livzon Company Summary
7.10.2 Livzon Business Overview
7.10.3 Livzon Female Infertility Drugs Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Livzon Female Infertility Drugs Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.10.5 Livzon Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Female Infertility Drugs Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Female Infertility Drugs Production Capacity, 2019-2030
8.2 Female Infertility Drugs Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Female Infertility Drugs Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Female Infertility Drugs Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Female Infertility Drugs Industry Value Chain
10.2 Female Infertility Drugs Upstream Market
10.3 Female Infertility Drugs Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Female Infertility Drugs Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Female Infertility Drugs in Global Market
Table 2. Top Female Infertility Drugs Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table 3. Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 4. Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 5. Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 6. Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Female Infertility Drugs Price (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Female Infertility Drugs Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Female Infertility Drugs Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Female Infertility Drugs Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 15. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 18. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 20. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 31. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 33. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 35. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 37. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 39. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 41. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2019-2024
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Sales, (K Units), 2025-2030
Table 46. Allergan Plc Company Summary
Table 47. Allergan Plc Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 48. Allergan Plc Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 49. Allergan Plc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Ferring BV Company Summary
Table 51. Ferring BV Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 52. Ferring BV Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 53. Ferring BV Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Merck KGaA Company Summary
Table 55. Merck KGaA Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 56. Merck KGaA Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 57. Merck KGaA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Novartis AG Company Summary
Table 59. Novartis AG Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 60. Novartis AG Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 61. Novartis AG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Sanofi Company Summary
Table 63. Sanofi Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 64. Sanofi Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 65. Sanofi Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Bayer AG Company Summary
Table 67. Bayer AG Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 68. Bayer AG Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 69. Bayer AG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Pfizer Inc. Company Summary
Table 71. Pfizer Inc. Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 72. Pfizer Inc. Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 73. Pfizer Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Abbott Company Summary
Table 75. Abbott Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 76. Abbott Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 77. Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Company Summary
Table 79. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 80. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 81. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Livzon Company Summary
Table 83. Livzon Female Infertility Drugs Product Offerings
Table 84. Livzon Female Infertility Drugs Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 85. Livzon Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Female Infertility Drugs Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2022-2024 (K Units)
Table 87. Global Female Infertility Drugs Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2022-2024
Table 88. Global Female Infertility Drugs Production by Region, 2019-2024 (K Units)
Table 89. Global Female Infertility Drugs Production by Region, 2025-2030 (K Units)
Table 90. Female Infertility Drugs Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 91. Female Infertility Drugs Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 92. Female Infertility Drugs Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 93. Female Infertility Drugs Raw Materials
Table 94. Female Infertility Drugs Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 95. Typical Female Infertility Drugs Downstream
Table 96. Female Infertility Drugs Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 97. Female Infertility Drugs Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Female Infertility Drugs Segment by Type in 2023
Figure 2. Female Infertility Drugs Segment by Application in 2023
Figure 3. Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Overview: 2023
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Female Infertility Drugs Market Size: 2023 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, 2019-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Female Infertility Drugs Sales in Global Market: 2019-2030 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Female Infertility Drugs Revenue in 2023
Figure 9. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global Female Infertility Drugs Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global Female Infertility Drugs Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 23. US Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 24. Canada Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 25. Mexico Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 28. Germany Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 29. France Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 30. U.K. Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 31. Italy Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 32. Russia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 34. Benelux Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 37. China Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 38. Japan Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 39. South Korea Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 41. India Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 44. Brazil Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 45. Argentina Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Female Infertility Drugs Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 48. Turkey Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 49. Israel Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 51. UAE Female Infertility Drugs Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 52. Global Female Infertility Drugs Production Capacity (K Units), 2019-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Female Infertility Drugs by Region, 2023 VS 2030
Figure 54. Female Infertility Drugs Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels