Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size: 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2030
2.3 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales: 2019-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2023
3.7 Global Manufacturers Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size Markets, 2023 & 2030
4.1.2 Regular Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes
4.1.3 Reinforced Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes
4.2 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2025-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2024
4.3.2 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2025-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2023 & 2030
5.1.2 Pet Hospital
5.1.3 Veterinary Station
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2025-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2024
5.3.2 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2025-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2023 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2025-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2024
6.3.2 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2025-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2030
6.4.3 US Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.4 Canada Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2030
6.5.3 Germany Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.4 France Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.6 Italy Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.7 Russia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2030
6.6.3 China Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.4 Japan Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.7 India Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, 2019-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.4 Israel Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.6 UAE Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size, 2019-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 A.M. Bickford
7.1.1 A.M. Bickford Company Summary
7.1.2 A.M. Bickford Business Overview
7.1.3 A.M. Bickford Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 A.M. Bickford Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.1.5 A.M. Bickford Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Jorgensen Laboratories
7.2.1 Jorgensen Laboratories Company Summary
7.2.2 Jorgensen Laboratories Business Overview
7.2.3 Jorgensen Laboratories Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Jorgensen Laboratories Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.2.5 Jorgensen Laboratories Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Kruuse
7.3.1 Kruuse Company Summary
7.3.2 Kruuse Business Overview
7.3.3 Kruuse Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Kruuse Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.3.5 Kruuse Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Midmark
7.4.1 Midmark Company Summary
7.4.2 Midmark Business Overview
7.4.3 Midmark Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Midmark Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Midmark Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Vetland Medical
7.5.1 Vetland Medical Company Summary
7.5.2 Vetland Medical Business Overview
7.5.3 Vetland Medical Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Vetland Medical Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Vetland Medical Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Vygon Vet
7.6.1 Vygon Vet Company Summary
7.6.2 Vygon Vet Business Overview
7.6.3 Vygon Vet Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Vygon Vet Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Vygon Vet Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production Capacity, 2019-2030
8.2 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Industry Value Chain
10.2 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Upstream Market
10.3 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes in Global Market
Table 2. Top Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table 3. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 4. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 5. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales by Companies, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 6. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 15. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 18. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 20. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 31. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 33. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 35. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 37. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 39. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 41. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 46. A.M. Bickford Company Summary
Table 47. A.M. Bickford Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 48. A.M. Bickford Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 49. A.M. Bickford Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Jorgensen Laboratories Company Summary
Table 51. Jorgensen Laboratories Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 52. Jorgensen Laboratories Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 53. Jorgensen Laboratories Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Kruuse Company Summary
Table 55. Kruuse Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 56. Kruuse Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 57. Kruuse Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Midmark Company Summary
Table 59. Midmark Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 60. Midmark Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 61. Midmark Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Vetland Medical Company Summary
Table 63. Vetland Medical Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 64. Vetland Medical Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 65. Vetland Medical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Vygon Vet Company Summary
Table 67. Vygon Vet Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Product Offerings
Table 68. Vygon Vet Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 69. Vygon Vet Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2022-2024 (Units)
Table 71. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2022-2024
Table 72. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production by Region, 2019-2024 (Units)
Table 73. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production by Region, 2025-2030 (Units)
Table 74. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Raw Materials
Table 78. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Downstream
Table 80. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Segment by Type in 2023
Figure 2. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Segment by Application in 2023
Figure 3. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Overview: 2023
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Market Size: 2023 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, 2019-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales in Global Market: 2019-2030 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue in 2023
Figure 9. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 23. US Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 24. Canada Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 25. Mexico Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 28. Germany Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 29. France Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 30. U.K. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 31. Italy Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 32. Russia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 34. Benelux Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 37. China Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 38. Japan Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 39. South Korea Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 41. India Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 44. Brazil Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 45. Argentina Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 48. Turkey Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 49. Israel Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 51. UAE Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 52. Global Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Production Capacity (Units), 2019-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes by Region, 2023 VS 2030
Figure 54. Veterinary Endotracheal Tubes Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels