Low Voltage Electron Microscopes and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size: 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2030
2.3 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales: 2019-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2023
3.7 Global Manufacturers Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size Markets, 2023 & 2030
4.1.2 Bench-Top Low Voltage Electron Microscopes
4.1.3 Protable Low Voltage Electron Microscopes
4.2 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2025-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2024
4.3.2 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2025-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2023 & 2030
5.1.2 Laboratory
5.1.3 Research Institute
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2025-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2024
5.3.2 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2025-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2023 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2025-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2024
6.3.2 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2025-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2030
6.4.3 US Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.4 Canada Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2030
6.5.3 Germany Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.4 France Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.6 Italy Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.7 Russia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2030
6.6.3 China Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.4 Japan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.7 India Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, 2019-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.4 Israel Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.6 UAE Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size, 2019-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 FEI
7.1.1 FEI Company Summary
7.1.2 FEI Business Overview
7.1.3 FEI Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 FEI Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.1.5 FEI Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 JEOL
7.2.1 JEOL Company Summary
7.2.2 JEOL Business Overview
7.2.3 JEOL Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 JEOL Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.2.5 JEOL Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Hitachi Hightech
7.3.1 Hitachi Hightech Company Summary
7.3.2 Hitachi Hightech Business Overview
7.3.3 Hitachi Hightech Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Hitachi Hightech Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.3.5 Hitachi Hightech Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Zeiss
7.4.1 Zeiss Company Summary
7.4.2 Zeiss Business Overview
7.4.3 Zeiss Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Zeiss Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Zeiss Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Delong Instruments
7.5.1 Delong Instruments Company Summary
7.5.2 Delong Instruments Business Overview
7.5.3 Delong Instruments Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Delong Instruments Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Delong Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Cordouan
7.6.1 Cordouan Company Summary
7.6.2 Cordouan Business Overview
7.6.3 Cordouan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Cordouan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Cordouan Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Agilent Technologies
7.7.1 Agilent Technologies Company Summary
7.7.2 Agilent Technologies Business Overview
7.7.3 Agilent Technologies Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Agilent Technologies Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.7.5 Agilent Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production Capacity, 2019-2030
8.2 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Industry Value Chain
10.2 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Upstream Market
10.3 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Low Voltage Electron Microscopes in Global Market
Table 2. Top Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table 3. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 4. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 5. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales by Companies, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 6. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price (2019-2024) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 15. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 18. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 20. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), 2025-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 31. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 33. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 35. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 37. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 39. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 41. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2019-2024
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales, (Units), 2025-2030
Table 46. FEI Company Summary
Table 47. FEI Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 48. FEI Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 49. FEI Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. JEOL Company Summary
Table 51. JEOL Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 52. JEOL Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 53. JEOL Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Hitachi Hightech Company Summary
Table 55. Hitachi Hightech Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 56. Hitachi Hightech Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 57. Hitachi Hightech Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Zeiss Company Summary
Table 59. Zeiss Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 60. Zeiss Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 61. Zeiss Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Delong Instruments Company Summary
Table 63. Delong Instruments Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 64. Delong Instruments Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 65. Delong Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Cordouan Company Summary
Table 67. Cordouan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 68. Cordouan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 69. Cordouan Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Agilent Technologies Company Summary
Table 71. Agilent Technologies Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Product Offerings
Table 72. Agilent Technologies Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2019-2024)
Table 73. Agilent Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2022-2024 (Units)
Table 75. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2022-2024
Table 76. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production by Region, 2019-2024 (Units)
Table 77. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production by Region, 2025-2030 (Units)
Table 78. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 79. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 80. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 81. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Raw Materials
Table 82. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 83. Typical Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Downstream
Table 84. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 85. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Segment by Type in 2023
Figure 2. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Segment by Application in 2023
Figure 3. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Overview: 2023
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Market Size: 2023 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, 2019-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales in Global Market: 2019-2030 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue in 2023
Figure 9. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Price (USD/Unit), 2019-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 23. US Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 24. Canada Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 25. Mexico Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 28. Germany Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 29. France Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 30. U.K. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 31. Italy Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 32. Russia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 34. Benelux Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 37. China Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 38. Japan Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 39. South Korea Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 41. India Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 44. Brazil Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 45. Argentina Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 48. Turkey Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 49. Israel Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 51. UAE Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 52. Global Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Production Capacity (Units), 2019-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Low Voltage Electron Microscopes by Region, 2023 VS 2030
Figure 54. Low Voltage Electron Microscopes Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels